Particle Physics

 Elementary
particles


 

In particle physics, we sometimes speak of hyperons, which are particles with a mass greater than that of the proton. These disintegrate after a short time into lighter particles. This article provides an alternative, and simpler, explanatory model for this elusive world.

 

The bas structure of the hyperon
 

The hyperons always start with the proton in their structure. At the top right, we see the proton with all its components. However, to save space in this presentation, we will use the smaller illustration in the image below. It shows the proton's quark (Z) which has charge +4/3, in the image in red color. Below the Z quark, in a separate energy shell, we can see a y quark with charge -1/3, colored green. In the same shell we also find an anti-neutrino, colored red. The proton as a whole has a spin ratio of -1/2, so we assume that when we later show the complicated shell structures of the hyperons. In classical physics, hyperons are said to be made up of abstract combinations of certain base quarks. Here we shall instead show a very concrete model which is based on the addition of particles within a number of energy shells, outside the proton: Some basic rules:   There can only be two particles in the same shell, these particles are always in line with each other. Particles in the same shell must not have spins with "identical direction" (unless they consist of opposite matter). Particles that are adjacent to each other must also exhibit some form of attractive force.

Electrical connection and spin-connection
 

There are, at this level, a few different ways for particles to attract each other. What comes to mind first is perhaps the electric force, acting between, for example, the proton and the electron. Then there is a so-called "electroweak force", which in this model is mediated by neutrinos. What kind of matter it is also reflects the charge. By definition, positive matter is considered equal to positive charg e, negative matter thus means negative charge. In order for a neutrino to be able to pull together two particles of the same kind, it must therefore have opposite matter and charge.

But the 'spin' of particles is also important in terms of attraction. Spin is, according to this model, a kind of whirling motion of the entities of the void. Individual particles inherit this motion from the motion of light in vacuum. Particles can also lack spin, neutrinos, however, always have spin. The rule is as follows: Particles with the same matter and the same spin direction attract each other. Particles that have opposite spins repel each other. Particles with different matter/charge attract each other if the spin is opposite. Antimatter is a localized absence of the entities of the void.

Introduction

The theoretical structure presented here does not necessarily correspond exactly to reality. The model should instead be seen as a constructive theory, which may later be revised. Mutual size and distance ratios between particles do not match, of course. If true proportions were used, the presentation would simply be unreadable. Before the reader embarks on the hyperon structures, it may be useful to have a fundamental understanding of the most common semistable particles, their creation and decay. Read more here!

The Lambda hyperon Λ ͦ

In the image to the right, the innermost shell thus constitutes the proton's outer energy level with a y-quark and an anti-neutrino. For example, lambda can be formed when a negative pion π- reacts with a proton. On the right, we see how the pion has divided its constituents into three different energy shells. The y-quark in shell two binds electroweakly to the anti-neutrino in shell one. An anti-neutrino in shell two also couples electroweakly with the Xs quark in shell three. An anti-neutrino in shell three holds the y-quark together with the Vu neutrino at the far end of shell four. Lambda usually decays by emitting a pion π-. What probably happens is that the perfect line of particles oscillates and breaks down. The Xs quark and the neutrino at the bottom are then shifted along the energy scale up to the y-quark and the neutrinos at the top. Another product is the Xs and y-quarks fusing into an electron. From the fusion energy, a y-anti-y pair is created which is sent off as a neutral pion.

The Sigma-hyperon Σ+
 

Sigma Σ+ can be formed in the reaction Kˉ+p → Σ+ (+) π-. What probably happens is that the kaon Kˉ merges into a pion π- which is immediately emitted. From the fusion energy, a neutral pion is created where the y-quarks with spin place themselves in shell two. In the third shell, the pion's neutrino and anti-neutrino end up. One could see Sigma Σ+ as a heavy proton with preserved charge +1 and spin value 1/2. Sigma Σ+ usually decays into a proton and a neutral pion π ͦ. The second scenario is that the ys and anti-ys quarks are pulled together and annihilate each other. From the energy arises a pion pair, π- and π+. But the negative pion never fully develops into a pion but remains as an electron. The end result is a neutron that emits a positive pion. At this stage, the decomposition products start to become complicated.

The Sigma-hyperon Σˉ
 

It is not known which reaction creates Sigma Σˉbut it is probably the process Kˉ+p → Σˉ (+) π+. The incoming Kˉ meson fuses into an electron. From the fusion energy, a pion pair arises, π- and π+. The negative pion remains in the system while the positive pion is emitted. We see that the electron occupies position in shell no. two. The negative pion spreads out a little more in the system. Sigma Σˉ has only one possibility to decay and that is by emitting a negative pion π-. What remains then are the innermost two shells. In shell two we see the electron with its anti-neutrino. This is in fact the structure of the neutron and the decay is thus written as: Σˉ→ n ͦ + π-. The neutron is relatively stable and decays only after approx. 10 minutes in free state.

The Sigma-hyperon Σ ͦ
 

Sigma Σ ͦ is formed from Sigma Σˉwhen it has lost its electron to a proton through a so-called charge exchange reaction. If you look closely you see that shell two only has one y-quark present, the rest is empty. This is only temporary because the vacant position is filled almost immediately. This happens by the anti-neutrino and the Xs quark, at the bottom of the image, jumping into shells two and three. In doing so, Sigma Σ ͦ has decayed in the only way it can, namely by emitting a photon, a particle of light. The energy of the photons corresponds to the energy difference between shell two and shell three/four. The energy of the antineutrino is negligible, the energy mainly comes from the Xs quark and its jump down to shell three. The presence of a single photon as a decay product is a good indication that the shell model for the hyperons is correct. The reaction is written: Σ ͦ → Λ ͦ + ɣ

The Ksi-hyperon Ξ ͦ
 

The neutral ksi hyperon Ξ ͦ can be formed in the reaction: Kˉ+ p → Ξ ͦ + K ͦ. The components of the negative kaon have simply taken place on different shell levels. The y-quark in shell three is dangerously close to the y-quark in shell four. As they are of the same charge, they normally repel each other, but the spin connection that occurs between Ys and the spin-free y causes them to attract each other. The neutral K-meson emitted was created by the collision, no particle reaction took place. The decay of Ξ ͦ occurs by the y-quark in the fourth shell jumping to the third. A merger then takes place of ys and y, which results in an Xs quark. From the fusion energy, a neutral pion is created which is immediately emitted. The product of the decay becomes a Lambda Λ ͦ and a pion π ͦ . No alternative decay of the ksi hyperon Ξ ͦ  is known. We can see here how incredibly strong the spin connection can be.

The Ksi-hyperon Ξˉ
 

Ksi Ξˉ is formed in the reaction Kˉ+ p → Ξˉ + K+. What probably happens is that Kˉ combines into a pion π- by the collision itself. From the energy created by the fusion, a pion pair, π- and π+, arises. One pion is dispatched while the other two take their place in scales two through six. The Ξˉ hyperon is huge, yet is not that much heavier than simpler hyperons. The decay probably begins with the particles' strict alignment coming out of balance. The particles of one end are displaced towards the other end along the shell lines. As a consequence, the Xs quarks will repel each other and a pion π- is emitted. The particles that remain redistribute into a Lambda. The reaction is written: Ξˉ → Λ ͦ + π-. The scientists have spoken of "superstrings", is this what they mean?

The Omega Hyperon

Omega Ωˉ can be formed in the reaction Kˉ+ p → Ωˉ + K+ K ͦ . The Omega Hyperon has a total of seven shells in its structure. Simply put, you can say that Omega houses a negative kaon and a negative pion distributed in the different shells. Omega is by no means the last of the hyperons but the last we will describe in detail. Theoretically, you can construct particle lines (strings) that are almost as long as you want, created from increasingly violent energies, but somewhere you have to draw the line.

The most common decay of the omega hyperon is (probably) that the particle string breaks down, whereby a negative pion π- is broken off and a neutral Ksi hyperon Ξ ͦ remains. The other natural way of decay should reasonably be that a negative K-meson is emitted, whereby a negative pion remains and forms a Lambda Λ ͦ , it seems to have been observed.

Several alternative decays are certainly possible, but here it becomes difficult to even speculate. It is said that Omega can exist with other spin or charge variants and that is probably conceivable. The question is whether it pays to analyze further than this, it is unlikely to lead to any immediate benefit. Of course, you can't be completely sure!

The old and the new physics

To say I'm frustrated with the situation is putting it mildly. I consider myself to have a very good and credible model of the void (vacuum), the nature of light, particle formation and a theoretical structure for stable and semi-stable particles. But what can be said about the physics of today? It has completely different and not so logically defensible starting points. First, the void is not considered to have any structure, nor is it considered that antimatter is anything other than structural variants of ordinary matter. In all seriousness, it is believed that the matter that actually exists is only a small remnant from the 'Big Bang', after matter and antimatter annihilated each other. They build their theoretical physics on this vague foundation.

The whole of established physics and particle physics is described today with abstract mathematical concepts and formulas. These theories are not available to me, and I honestly don't even want to know what they present. We don't speak the same language. I want to be able to create a clear and distinct picture of what I want to convey. If something cannot be visualized, I claim, with some justification, that it probably does not exist either. Science has become hopelessly stuck in terms of a unified theory of space, time and matter. I mean I am stuck with a simple and comprehensible solution but have fundamental difficulties in reaching out. This is the situation today and no breakthrough is at hand, this lockdown is extremely regrettable and sad.

Disclaimer:

 

The information in this article is that of the
author and should not be confused with
conventional scientific views.

 

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