Particle Physics

 The creation
of the electron


 

There are theoretical and mathematical models for the decay of the semi-stable particles, but none that fully explain what actually takes place down there in the microworld. I think that a more holistic approach is needed and that is what I will try to present in this article.

 

Wobbling electrons

Why are semi-stable (non-permanent) particles formed at all? The answer lies in the dynamical structure of the ordinary electron. The electron (and the antiparticle the positron) consists of local deficits and surpluses respectively in the void (vacuum). The void also consists of units and thereby a particle such as the electron gets a certain elasticity. In other words, the particle is malleable and not at all rigid in its structure, an important detail in the context.

The electron is created together with its antiparticle from an energetic light particle (photon). Photons always split at a specific energy level where the wave function no longer hold together. But if the energy is higher than that, or if there are collisions between particles, the electron itself can start to oscillate, it starts to wobble. The electron is pulled out in the direction of motion so that it resembles a rugby ball, then the electron takes a drop shape in the direction of motion.
 

In the picture on the right, we see three different oscillation stages of the electron. If the available energy is high enough, the electron can break apart and split up. This is in fact the starting point that more particles than the electron itself can exist at all. We'll follow this in more detail.

The division into quarks
 

Accelerating particles develop a G-wave field (standing gravity waves) which is symbolically shown in the image to the right. The extracted electron actually becomes somewhat drop-shaped. This means that the division of the electron at lower energies takes place as particles of different sizes; the shape of the electron is asymmetric and the fission products will also be accordingly.

Here, the wobbling electron has just split into two quarks. With it, right from the moment the electron was created, there are two anti-neutrinos, 'Ve'. They take position in different energy shells, they cannot exist at the same energy levels.

The small s-symbol of the X-quark denotes that the quark has 'spin'. The phenomenon of spin is a kind of vortex motion that sometimes occurs in elementary particles. What swirls are free entities from the void that I call Nolites. As we can see from the image, the y-quark has no spin, however, this fact contributes to the quarks being able to stick together. But normally two particles with the same charge (which both quarks have) must immediately repel each other.

However, the spin connection alone is not enough to link the quarks together, a unifying neutrino is also needed which has the opposite matter in relation to the quarks. The electron itself has two surrounding electron neutrinos (Ve), but there is also another kind of neutrino; Mu-neutrino (Vu). The latter is created in the process when electrons themselves split up into quarks.

The genesis of the Mu-neutrino

The wobbling electron here splits into two quarks. But a new particle also arises from the fission energy. This particle is a neutrino of a different kind; a Mu-neutrino. The Mu-neutrino has a weak charge but inherits the spin from the Xs-quark, its 'mother'.

An Xs-quark, a y-quark, two electron neutrinos and a Mu-neutrino form a semistable system that forms a charged Pi-meson. Since neutrinos always have spin, we can now add up the total spin of the pi-meson, which gives the sum 0. The spins of the semistable particles are counted in half numbers, opposite spins cancel each other out. The particles line up, charge equilibrium occurs.


The charged Pi-meson
 

Now we see the final product of the splitting of the electron. Since the Xs- quark has 2/3 the mass of the electron, it consequently has 2/3 the charge of the electron. The smaller y-quark has 1/3 the mass and charge. The two neutrinos that followed from the time of the electron have been considered by science to have no charge, but they nevertheless have a weak charge that is of crucial importance. These neutrinos are in fact the mediators of the "electroweak force", which holds the two quarks together. The slightly larger Vu-neutrino has the same kind of charge as the quarks but its potential is considerably smaller (the proportions of the image are of course arbitrary).

A special detail is that the particles within the semi-stable particles are always in a straight line. They rotate around a point that we can call the common charge point. An important factor is the existence of a number of energy levels; shells. The inner particles of the pi-meson are distributed in three different shells around the heavy Xs-quark. There can only be one particle with spin in one and the same shell at a given time. However, we see that the y-quark likes to share a shell with a Ve-neutrino, the y-quark lacks spin and also has the opposite matter to the Ve-neutrino.
 

The creation of the Muon
 

Muons usually arise when charged pions decay according to the reaction Pi → u + Vu. What happens during the decay of the pion (which is actually a fusion) is that the Xs-quark and the y-quark are drawn closer together under the influence of the intermediate neutrino. Despite the electrical repulsion between the quarks, the weak force overcomes the struggle and there is a fusion of Xs and y into an electron. The fusion also produces two electron neutrinos, Ve and anti-Ve. The neutrino which is of opposite matter compared to the electron remains while the other one leaves the system. The image on the right therefore shows a "heavy electron", i.e. a Muon.

The composite electron

Even the Muon decays after a short time. What is likely to happen is that an attractive weak force arises between the electron and the Vu-neutrino, which after all consist of the same matter. The particle that conveys the force is, of course, the Ve-neutrino, which is between these. In this process, the Ve- neutrino falls into the first shell, whereby the Muon as a whole becomes unstable (two particles with spin cannot be in the same shell). The Ve neutrino returns to shell two while the Vu neutrino and the outer Ve neutrino are sent away. Hence the reaction u → e + anti-Ve + Vu.
 

We distinguish between the complete electron and the naked electron (ne). The complete electron is composite but still stable. In the image on the right, we see the naked electron in the middle surrounded by two neutrinos of opposite matter, each in its own shell. The electron is always surrounded by its two neutrinos. If one of these should be knocked out or annihilated, a Ve-antiVe pair is immediately formed out of vacuum. The neutrino which is of opposite matter to the electron is retained by the system, the other is emitted; the electron therefore never decays, it is to be considered extremely stable.

The charged K-meson
 

Back to the wobbling electron: If the energy is high enough, the electron can instead be fragmented into three y-quarks. As in the example above, the y-quark has mass and charge 1/3. The quark in the direction of motion is assigned the spin, the others have no spin. As before, two Ve-neutrinos are also included.

The fission energy also gives rise to the Mu-neutrino Vu, created from the ys-quark. We have thus collected the necessary particles within the new system that form the semi-stable and charged K-meson. In the picture we see that the y-quark with spin places itself in the middle. In the first shell we find a y-quark together with a Ve-neutrino, the same constellation as in shell no. 2. The third shell contains only one Vu-neutrino and as we have seen before, all internal particles always line up in a straight line. We can also calculate from the inner particles that the spin of the K-meson is 0, because the Vu-neutrino has spin 1/2.

The K-meson can decay in several different ways depending on which y-quarks fuse first and which neutrinos participate in the reaction. In general, one can say that a fusion of particles where the total spin number is even, produces a two-particle decay. If, on the other hand, the spin number is uneven, a three-particle decay occurs. I won't go into detail about the process, which from this point on becomes increasingly complex and unpredictable.
 

The neutral K-meson

One of many decay products when heavier nuclear particles interact is the neutral K-meson. I present it mostly out of curiosity because it has certain distinctive characteristics. We see an Xs-quark in the middle with the charge minus 2/3. It is surrounded by two y-quarks of opposite matter and charge. One of the y-quark's has spin and is therefore designated "ys". Two electron neutrinos, Ve and anti-Ve, also occupy respective shells. The ve-neutrino has opposite spin to the ys-quark and places itself close. The anti-Ve neutrino is indeed of the same matter as the y-quark, but because the y-quark has no spin, the two particles can tolerate each other through a so-called 'spin connection.'

The Xs-quark of the neutral K-meson can relate to the ys-quark in two different ways. All particles in the system are constantly in a straight line, but the Xs-quark also has an 'self-rotation' (either clockwise or anti clockwise). If the "spin field" of the Xs-quark is in opposition to the ys-quark, then they are pulled towards each other faster. But if the Xs-quark rotates in the other direction, the frictional force of the spin field becomes smaller. The consequence is that they are drawn towards each other much more slowly. In particle physics, we speak of two different types of neutral K-mesons; KS and KL, where S stands for "short" and L for "long". The decay of the neutral K-meson is crazy complicated because the parameters are so many. Depending on which particles within the system meet first, a certain decay occurs. If the spin-sum of the decay is even, two new particles are formed, but if the sum is uneven, three new particles are formed.

The diversity of combinations

The possibility of combining different kinds of quarks and neutrinos creates the variety of semi-stable particles that the researchers have also measured in their detectors. With this model as a basis, we can finally understand in depth which processes really take place. We have yet only skimmed the surface of the semi-stable particles' many secrets. If you add to that the system of quarks in different shells, I am convinced that understanding is further facilitated.

Let me mention that I have a complete model that explains in detail how semi-stable nuclear particles (hyperons) are constructed and work. But again, this is a peculiar knowledge, which at worst could serve as the most effective sleeping pill imaginable (boring knowledge). But it may happen that there is some specialist guru out there somewhere who thinks this is important, then of course it may be worth the effort to delve into this special subject.
 
 

Disclaimer:

The information in this article is that of the
author and should not be confused with
conventional scientific views.

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